In general, students should be expected to use spoken and written Chinese to sustain interactions with familiar and unfamiliar participants in a range of contexts, for example, interacting with Chinese speakers online and using Chinese to ask about items in a local Chinese grocery. Students should use pinyin to transcribe spoken texts and use characters to create written texts. They should identify key ideas and compare information from multiple sources such as news, talks, podcasts and documentaries, to develop and substantiate their own position on topics of personal interest or issues of broader significance. They should exchange ideas and opinions, and they speak with attention to pronunciation and tone. Students should respond to and create a range of short informative and imaginative texts for a variety of audiences and purposes. They should be expected to use a range of sentence structures and grammatical features to develop cohesion and coherence in these texts, including prepositional phrases to describe participants, for example, 我和 / 跟女朋友去买东西, and adverbs to express time, tense and frequency of events, for example, 总是，还没有. They use conjunctions, for example, 虽然如此…，尽管这样…但是…, and apply a range of stylistic devices such as rhetorical questions, quotes and proverbs. Students should translate texts and produce bilingual texts, recognising that not all concepts can be readily translated Chinese and English. They should be able to explain how features of Chinese culture and language shape their own and others’ communication practices and reflect on how their own cultural experience impacts on interactions with Chinese speakers.